An alternative approach to community-based ecotourism: a bottom-up locally initiated non-monetised project in Papua New Guinea

Community-based ecotourism (CBET) is presented as a tool for conservation and sustainable development by conservation practitioners and development agencies, but is reported to have achieved little. Several scholars argue that many problems stem from inadequate power relationships between external actors and local communities, leading to low community participation. This study opens a debate on governance and social enterprise in CBET by examining a bottom-up approach to community-based ecotourism based on a small-scale CBET initiative in an amenity-poor remote indigenous community in Papua New Guinea. This initiative is unique in the following aspects: it was initiated by a community member; external assistance was advisory only; no external financial assistance was given; and it has taken place in a non-monetised economy. Participant observation and in-depth interviews with local key informants were used to identify community-defined positive/negative impacts and community participation processes. Overall, there was substantial support for the project; it contributed to community welfare, generated economic benefit, had positive conservation outcomes and from the viewpoint of the community had no adverse cultural impacts. One of the keys for success was the development of a strong community agency that led to high community participation and individual rather than the community ownership.     

改革开放以来林业财政政策与评述

对1978年改革开放以来林业财政政策分两阶段进行评述。1978～1992年,我国的林业财政投入政策、林业税收政策、林业财务政策对促进林业快速发展发挥了重要作用,主要表现在:推进了森工企业改革,推进了造林绿化,林业事业体系建设逐步完善。但也存在税收负担重、未形成有效投入体系、财务政策追逐目标不当等问题。1992年至今,积极的林业财政政策使我国生态建设体系明显加强,森林资源保护重点加强,林业产业体系更趋完善。但在面对林业急需发展的实际仍显投入不足,林业税收政策尚未达到应有的优惠程度,林业财务政策仍需改革等方面仍需改进。     

Social economy and employment – the case of Sweden

Recent research has shown growing shares of employment in the social economy (or non-profit sector) both in the European Union and in the United States. In the EU, there seems to be growing hopes that the social economy will be capable of contributing to local progress on the unemployment issue in crisis regions. This paper analyses employment in certain entrepreneurial forms, usually considered belonging to the social economy, in Sweden during the 1990s. The results show considerable regional differences of employment in the social economy, but also that its share of the labor market is very limited. The effect of social-economic organizations on employment, therefore, is probably mainly indirect in as much as they function as platforms for cooperation between firms or else as embryos for enterprises by strengthening local entrepreneurship and helping to nurture a deposit of social capital which has visible effects on private business and jobs. However, these effects need more detailed examinations.     

中医院校研究生英语改革与发展——一项基于浙江中医药大学的研究

随着大学英语教学改革的深入发展,研究生英语的教学改革也势在必行。通过分析目前研究生英语教学改革所取得的成绩和存在问题,结合对浙江中医药大学的研究生英语教学情况所做的分析和调查,对中医院校的研究生英语教学发展提供了一些意见和参考。     

社会主义市场经济机制的选择与宏观调控体系分析

计划经济时期,我国在"斯大林模式"的影响下经济发展中行政命令成分过大,资源配置缺乏效率。邓小平在深刻思考"什么是社会主义和怎样建设社会主义"这两个根本问题后,将社会主义引导到市场经济的发展道路上来,使市场要素通过价格、竞争、供给、需求等进行配置。但是这个"无形的手"并不是万能的。在市场机制起基础性作用的条件下,政府并不能完全退出市场,政府必须通过宏观调控的方式弥补市场的缺陷,从而促使国民经济得到持续、快速、健康、稳定的发展。     

An empirical analysis of China's equilibrium exchange rate: A co-integration approach

This paper estimates time specific values for China's long-run equilibrium exchange rate and develops measures of the direction and extent of misalignment based on a reduced-form real effective exchange rate (REER) model. An appropriately specified long-run equilibrium model is estimated and tested following Johansen and Juselius (1990) procedures, which is then used to construct an estimated time path for long-run equilibrium exchange rate values.Unit root tests indicated that each series can be considered as I(1) and that there was one cointegrating relationship linking the RMB series with its “fundamentals” – openness, money supply, productivity and government spending – with long-run elasticities of (0.41), (0.97), (0.51) and (0.75), respectively. The estimated error-correction model of REER determination showed that during China's latest exchange rate regime (from 2005:Q3) the RMB was undervalued by an average of 6.7 percent, which is modest compared to related studies.Estimation of the associated short-run error correction model shows that the error correction term has a statistically significant value of 0.85, implying that the actual real effective exchange rates would converge relatively quickly (just over one quarter, on average) towards their long-run equilibrium level in the absence of central bank intervention.     

Strategic implications of the Soviet‐North Korean alliance

Abstract

Globalization is commonly defined as a strict economic path by most previous works, but it is really a fuzzy concept with unrestrained dimensions. While the ideological location of an incumbent political party is a powerful predictor of its policy position, the role of a political party in the globalization-growth nexus has never been fully empirically investigated. By applying Pedroni's panel cointegration technique instead of a time-series or traditional panel data approach, this paper aims to empirically re-examine the co-movement and the causal relationship among economic growth, the overall globalization index, and its three main dimensions—economic, social, as well as political integrations—by using panel data for 23 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries for 1970 to 2006. Certainly, the political party variable is taken into account as the advanced test is promoted, and we finally discover that all variables move together in the long run. Based on the results of the panel causality test, though the evidence of short-run causality is very weak, it does show long-run unidirectional causality running from the overall index of globalization, economic globalization, and social globalization to growth. Finally, the critical role of the political party is deeply discussed in relation with our results.     

中国旅游产业对国民经济的贡献研究

文章采用旅游增加值剥离测算法估算2000～2008年中国大陆31个省级单位的旅游产业增加值,并测量旅游产业增加值对国民经济的贡献率和拉动幅度,旨在分析旅游产业在国民经济中的地位。结论有三:第一,我国旅游产业以高于国内生产总值的增长速度快速成长,波动较大且存在地区差异;第二,旅游产业的发展与国民经济的整体发展水平密切相关,在以旅游产业作为先导产业的省份中,旅游产业对国民经济的拉动作用较为显著;第三,我国大部分地区的旅游产业对GDP贡献率主要集中在3%～8%,而拉动系数则保持在0.5至1.5个百分点之间。     

基于建立内需主导经济的消费投资关系研究

1998年金融危机以来，我国就开始实施内需主导型经济的战略，此次次贷危机的爆发加快了扩大内需政策的出台。发展内需主导型经济，是确保中国发展战略目标实现、加快中国产业结构升级和改善中国经济发展外部环境的要求。而内需包括国内投资需求和消费需求，要在推动内需主导型经济发展上取得明显效果，必须处理好消费与投资的关系问题。     

践行社会主义核心价值体系培养“四有”新人

随着我国政治、经济、文化事业的蓬勃发展、社会主义现代化建设和小康社会的奋斗目标正在进一步实现,可是我们也应该看到,意识形态多样化的倾向也在严重影响着大学生的健康成长和思想。我们的党和国家要高度重视这些问题,我们要通过以社会主义核心价值体系为指导,对大学生思想政治教育的原因进行分析研究,我们必须要坚持马克思主义的主导地位、用中国特色社会主义核心价值体系来教育和引领大学生思想政治教育工作。